昔はこれら全て1つ1つがアプリだった。粒度が小さく、基本的には役割分担が明確だったので Unix哲学の象徴だと言える。
略語の意味を示すために説明は英語表記。
シェルコマンド
| コマンド
|
説明
|
!! |
直前に実行したコマンドを実行
|
Ctrl + r |
履歴を検索して実行
|
CMD1 ; CMD2 |
CMD1 を実行してから CMD2 を実行
|
CMD1 && CMD2 |
CMD1 の終了ステータスが「0」なら CMD2 を実行
|
CMD1 || CMD2 |
CMD1 の終了ステータスが「0」以外なら CMD2 を実行
|
CMD1 | CMD2 |
CMD1 の出力を、CMD2 の入力へと渡すパイプ
|
>, 1> |
標準出力先を指定
|
>> |
標準出力先を指定（追記）
|
2> |
標準エラー出力先を指定
|
&> |
標準出力先、標準エラー出力先の両方を指定
|
<< eof |
here document（EOF文字が出現するまでの内容を標準入力とする）
|
vi /etc/profile |
全ユーザに共通するシェル環境を設定
|
シェルスクリプト
if test -f /home/lpicuser/lpic.sh
then
/home/lpicuser/lpic.sh
else
/home/lpicuser/default.sh
fi
コピー＆ペースト
Linux では通常の「クリップボード」に加えて「X・プライマリ・セレクション」も利用できる。
| コマンド
|
説明
|
| ハイライト + ホイールボタン
|
ハイライト部分を新規にペースト
|
xclip
|
clip to X-selections and clipboard
|
カーネル管理
| コマンド
|
説明
|
grub-mkconfig |
generate a GRUB configuration file
|
mkinitramfs |
initramfs image generator ( Debian )
|
dracut |
initramfs image generator ( RH )
|
dmesg |
display Kernel message ring
|
lsmod |
list Linux Kernel modules
|
modinfo |
show information about a Kernel modules
|
insmod |
insert a Kernel module
|
rmmod |
remove a Kernel module
|
depmod |
generate modules.dep
|
modprobe |
add and remove modules from Kernel
|
デバイス管理
| コマンド
|
説明
|
lscpu |
list CPU info
|
dmidecode |
dumping a computer's DMI table contents
|
free
|
free memory
|
vmstat
|
virtual memory statistics
|
lsblk |
list storage, partition infomation
|
df
|
disk free on filesystem
|
du
|
disk used on directory
|
lspci |
list Peripheral Component Interconnect devices
|
lsusb |
lsit USB devices
|
lsscsi |
list SCSI devices
|
hwclock |
set hardware clock
|
hdparm |
show HDD/SATA/IDE parameters
|
sdparm |
access SCSI mode page
|
loadkeys |
loadkeybords
|
wodim |
write to CD/DVD
|
growisofs |
write iso image to DVD
|
パーティション管理
| コマンド
|
説明
|
fdisk |
fixed disk. manipulate disk partition table
|
gdisk |
GUID Partition Table (GPT) manipulator
|
parted |
a partition edit program
|
gparted |
GNU partition edit program
|
partx |
show partitions
|
mkswap |
make a Linux swap area
|
swapon |
enable devices and files for swapping
|
swapoff |
disable devices and files for swapping
|
ファイルシステム管理
| コマンド
|
説明
|
mke2fs
|
make an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem
|
tune2fs
|
adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems
|
e2fsck
|
check a Linux ext2/ext3/ext4 file system
|
mkfs
|
make a Linux filesystem
|
fsck
|
file system check
|
debugfs
|
ext2/ext3/ext4 file system debugger
|
mount
|
mount a filesystem
|
umount
|
unmount a filesystem
|
システム管理
| コマンド
|
説明
|
systemctl
|
system mamager
|
screen |
terminal screen manager
|
setterm |
terminal settings
|
tmux |
?
|
chvt |
change vertual terminal
|
uptime
|
Tell how long the system has been running.
|
uname
|
show system information
|
arch
|
( = uname -m) show system hardware name
|
hostname
|
hostname
|
hostnamectl
|
mamage hostname
|
init
|
system mamager
|
initctl
|
?
|
chkconfig
|
old way of systemctl
|
runlevel
|
show runlevel
|
update-rc.d
|
set System-V initial links
|
sysctl
|
configure Kernel parameters
|
ldd
|
Library DepenDencies
|
ldconfig
|
ldd configure
|
logger
|
enter message to system log
|
journalctl
|
system log manager
|
halt
|
halt, power off, reboot machine
|
shutdown
|
shutdown machine
|
which
|
locate a command
|
whereis
|
locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command
|
busybox
|
command tool box
|
プロセス管理
| コマンド
|
説明
|
top
|
( = htop ) show top processes
|
pstree
|
show machine's running processes as tree
|
ps
|
show machine's running processes
|
pgrep
|
process grep. look up PID using process's name
|
pkill
|
kill processes by name and other attributes
|
killall
|
kill all processes by name
|
kill
|
kill process by PID
|
nice
|
set program priority
|
renice
|
alter program priority
|
lsof
|
list files opened by processes
|
pidof
|
process id open file
|
fuser
|
identify file opening process
|
pwdx
|
pwd for process
|
jobs
|
show working jobs
|
bg
|
doing job at background
|
fg
|
doing job at forgraound
|
nohup
|
run command without logout hang up
|
ユーザ管理
| コマンド
|
説明
|
last
|
show a listing of last logged in users
|
lastlog
|
all users' the most recent login
|
w / who
|
show logged-in users
|
users
|
show logged-in users
|
groups
|
show user's groups
|
useradd
|
add a user ( useradd -m -s /bin/bash -G sudo hoge )
|
usermod
|
modify a user
|
userdel
|
delete a user
|
groupadd
|
add a group
|
groupmod
|
modify a group
|
groupdel
|
delete a group
|
getent
|
get entries from nsswitch.conf
|
passwd
|
set or change user's password
|
gpasswd
|
manage group password
|
newgrp
|
log in to a new group
|
chpasswd
|
change password in batch mode
|
chage
|
change / show user's account and password age
|
chsh
|
change login shell
|
pwck
|
check password file
|
finger
|
user's fingerprint
|
chfn
|
change user's fingerprint
|
grpck
|
check group file
|
vipw / vigr
|
edit password / group file
|
pwconv
|
convert password file
|
quota
|
show user and group quota of strage
|
repquota
|
show quota status
|
quotaon
|
activate quota
|
edquota
|
edit quota for user disk
|
write / wall
|
write a massage to all users
|
htpasswd
|
httpd basic authentication
|
htdigest
|
httpd digest authentication
|
ユーザツール
| コマンド
|
説明
|
id
|
show user's id
|
whoami
|
who am i ?
|
date
|
show date
|
tzselect
|
select timezone
|
timedatectl
|
Control the system time and date
|
cal
|
show calendar
|
set
|
show shell environment. set >> env
|
unset
|
unset shell environment
|
env
|
show user's enviroment
|
printenv
|
(= env) show environment
|
locale
|
get locale-specific information
|
export
|
export environment from shell's env to user's env
|
history
|
show command history
|
alias
|
make alias
|
unalias
|
unmake alias
|
fc
|
?
|
su
|
switch user
|
sudo
|
switch user do
|
sg
|
switch group
|
chroot
|
run command with special root directory
|
crontab
|
manage cron
|
expect
|
expect response
|
at
|
?
|
script
|
?
|
stdbuf
|
modify buffering
|
time
|
show round trip time
|
watch
|
run program periodically
|
sleep
|
set a moment before run
|
exit
|
exit terminal
|
make
|
compile file
|
install
|
copy files
|
yes
|
always say "yes"
|
xargs
|
x-arguments
|
git
|
git
|
cvs
|
cvs
|
svn
|
svn
|
mysql
|
mysql client / server
|
mysqldump
|
mysql dump databases
|
xl
|
?
|
VBoxManage
|
?
|
lpadmin
|
configure cups printers
|
lpstat
|
show cups printing status
|
lp
|
submit files for printing
|
lpr
|
subimt files for printing
|
cancel
|
cancel printing job
|
ファイル / ディレクトリ操作
| コマンド
|
説明
|
pwd
|
print working directory
|
tree
|
show tee-style directory
|
ls
|
list
|
cd
|
change directory
|
find
|
find files
|
locate
|
location of files
|
updatedb
|
update database for locate
|
basename
|
base name of file
|
dirname
|
name of directory
|
file
|
show types of files
|
stat
|
status of file
|
lsattr
|
list file attributes on a Linux second extended file system
|
chattr
|
change file attribution
|
chmod
|
change mode
|
chown
|
change owner of file
|
chgrp
|
change owner group
|
mkdir
|
make a directory
|
rmdir
|
remove direcotory
|
touch
|
touch a file
|
cp
|
copy
|
mv
|
move, change
|
rm
|
remove
|
shred
|
shred files
|
ln
|
make links between files
|
readlink
|
show symbolic link
|
tmpwatch
|
?
|
umask
|
user mask
|
split
|
split a file into pieces. 1,000 rows chunk as default
|
truncate
|
shrink or expand file
|
tar
|
type archive
|
cpio
|
(= tar) copy files to and from archives
|
gzip / gunzip
|
zip / unzip
|
mktemp
|
make temporary file
|
convmv
|
convert move
|
dd
|
dump datas
|
pv
|
pipe viewer
|
base64
|
base64 encode / decode
|
od
|
dump files in octal and other formats
|
md5sum / sha1sum
|
calculate md5 or sha1
|
iconv
|
change file encoding
|
strings
|
show string parts in data file
|
uuencode
|
?
|
uudecode
|
?
|
lhasa
|
?
|
unrar
|
?
|
pushd
|
?
|
テキスト操作
| コマンド
|
説明
|
echo
|
display a line of text
|
tee
|
write std-output and life
|
more
|
viewer
|
less
|
viewer
|
head
|
show head part of file
|
tail / tailf
|
show tail part of file
|
cat
|
concatinate
|
tac
|
etanitacnoc
|
nl
|
with number line
|
grep
|
global reguler expression print
|
uniq
|
show only uniq part
|
wc
|
word count
|
cut
|
cut
|
rev
|
reverse
|
seq
|
sequence
|
sort
|
sort lines of text files
|
tr
|
translate or delete characters
|
ex
|
ex mode of vi
|
ed
|
line editor (Ken Thompson)
|
sed
|
stream editor
|
vi
|
visual editor
|
awk
|
patter scanning and processing language
|
nkf
|
?
|
patch
|
patch a diff file
|
diff
|
compare two files line by line
|
comm
|
compare two files line by line
|
cmp
|
compare two files byte by byte
|
col
|
remove \n etc.
|
column
|
columnate list
|
colrm
|
column remove
|
expand
|
expand tab to space
|
unexpand
|
space to tab
|
paste
|
marge files
|
join
|
marge same parts of files
|
bc
|
calculator
|
let
|
calculate
|
factor
|
show factor numbers
|
expr
|
evaluate expression
|
test
|
?
|
shuf
|
shuffle some value
|
fold
|
wrap words in lines
|
pr
|
for printer format
|
パッケージ管理
| コマンド
|
説明
|
apt
|
advanced packaging tool
|
dpkg
|
Debian package manager
|
dpkg-reconfigure
|
reconfigure an already installed package
|
yum
|
yellodog-linux update manager
|
rpm
|
RedHat package manager
|
rpm2cpio
|
rpm file to cpio
|
ネットワーク
| コマンド
|
説明
|
netstat
|
network status
|
ss
|
show sockets
|
arp
|
ip neighbors
|
ipcalc
|
ip calculator
|
route
|
ip routing table manager
|
ip
|
internet protocol mnager
|
ifconfig
|
interface configure
|
iwconfig
|
interface wireless configure
|
iwlist
|
show Wi-Fi access-point
|
wpa_supplicant
|
protected Wi-Fi cliant
|
nmtui
|
NetworkManager text-user interface
|
nmcli
|
NetworkManager command-line interface
|
iptables
|
packet filtering tool
|
ufw
|
uncomplicated firewall manager
|
firewall-cmd
|
firewall manager
|
ping
|
send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST
|
traceroute
|
print the route packets trace to network host
|
arping
|
send ARP REQUEST to neighber
|
ntpq
|
NTP quary
|
ntpdate
|
set the date via NTP
|
clockdiff
|
time lag to remote host
|
ssh
|
secure shell
|
ssh-keygen
|
ssh-key generator
|
ssh-copy-id
|
ssh copy id
|
scp
|
secure copy
|
rsync
|
remote file-copying tool
|
telnet
|
?
|
ftp
|
file transfer program
|
sftp
|
secure ftp
|
wget
|
WWW downloader
|
curl
|
Client URL Request Library
|
tcpdump
|
dump traffic on a network
|
tshark
|
?
|
brctl
|
?
|
host
|
DNS lookup
|
nslookup
|
DNS lookup
|
dig
|
DNS lookup
|
whois
|
show IANA info
|
ネットワークセキュリティ
| コマンド
|
説明
|
nmap
|
Network Mapper
|
netcat / nc
|
network investigator
|
gpg
|
OpenPGP encryption and signing tool
|
openssl
|
SSL / TLS tool kit
|
pwgen
|
password generator
|
ネットワークツール
| コマンド
|
説明
|
mail
|
send and receive mail
|
mailq
|
?
|
newaliases
|
mail alias
|
w3m
|
WWW monitor
|
showmount
|
show NFS server's exports status
|
rdesktop
|
remote desktop
|
TIPS
画像を一括して圧縮
# find /var/www/html/wp-content/uploads/ -name *.jpg | xargs -t -I{} convert {} -sampling-factor 4:2:0 -strip -quality 90 -interlace JPEG -colorspace sRGB {}
- root が
/etc/に nologinファイルを作成すると全ての一般ユーザがログイン不可になる。ファイルに内容を記載した場合は、それがログイン拒否時に表示される