一般ユーザ用コマンド

< Debian城

/bin (usr/bin)内に格納されている一般ユーザ用コマンド627個。ちなみに アプリ や 妖精 (ダイモン) の場合はより機能が複雑で独自のインターフェースが起動したりする。システム管理者用コマンドも参照。

使いそう/重要

ハードウェア管理

コマンド	概要
lscpu	display information about the CPU architecture. It gathers CPU architecture information from sysfs, /proc/cpuinfo and any applicable architecture-specific libraries (e.g. librtas on Powerpc). The command output can be optimized for parsing or for easy readability by humans.
lsmem	list the ranges of available memory with their online status. lists the ranges of available memory with their online status. The listed memory blocks correspond to the memory block representation in sysfs. The command also shows the memory block size and the amount of memory in online and offline state.
arch	Print machine architecture. x86_64
setarch i386 linux32 linux64	change reported architecture in new program environment and/or set personality flags. Since version 2.33 the arch command line argument is optional and setarch may be used to change personality flags (ADDR_LIMIT_*, SHORT_INODE, etc) without modification of the execution domain.
fincore	counts pages of file contents being resident in memory (in core), and reports the numbers. メモリにキャッシュされているページを表示。
free	displays the total amount of free and used physical and swap memory in the system, as well as the buffers and caches used by the kernel. The information is gathered by parsing /proc/meminfo.
lspci	displaying information about PCI buses in the system and devices connected to them. By default, it shows a brief list of devices. Use the options described below to request either a more verbose output or output intended for parsing by other programs.
lsusb	displaying information about USB buses in the system and the devices connected to them. It uses udev's hardware database to associate a full human-readable name to the vendor ID and the product ID.

ブートローダ管理

コマンド	概要
bootctl	Control EFI firmware boot settings and manage boot loader. bootctl can check the EFI firmware and boot loader status, list and manage available boot loaders and boot loader entries, and install, update, or remove the systemd-boot(7) boot loader on the current system.
grub-*	grub関係コマンド

カーネル管理

コマンド	概要
uname	print system information. Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s.
kernel-install	used to install and remove kernel and initramfs images to and from the boot loader partition, referred to as $BOOT here. It will usually be one of /boot/, /efi/, or /boot/efi/, see below.
dmesg	used to examine or control the kernel ring buffer. The default action is to display all messages from the kernel ring buffer.
getconf	Displays all configuration variables for the current system and their values.
kmod	Program to manage Linux Kernel modules. kmod is a multi-call binary which implements the programs used to control Linux Kernel modules. Most users will only run it using its other names.
linux-check-removal	check whether removal of a kernel is safe. It is intended to be called from the prerm (pre-remove) maintainer scripts of Linux kernel packages.
linux-update-symlinks	maintain symlinks to default kernel and initramfs. It is intended to be called from the postinst and postrm maintainer scripts of Linux kernel packages.
linux-version	operate on Linux kernel version strings. it operates on Linux kernel version strings as reported by uname -r and used in file and directory names.
lsinitramfs	lists the content of given initramfs images. It allows one to quickly check the content of one (or multiple) specified initramfs files.
lsmod	is a trivial program which nicely formats the contents of the /proc/modules, showing what kernel modules are currently loaded.
perf	performance analysis tools for Linux. a new kernel-based subsystem that provide a framework for all things performance analysis. It covers hard‐ware level (CPU/PMU, Performance Monitoring Unit) features and software features (software counters, tracepoints) as well.

デバイス管理

コマンド	概要
du	estimate file space usage. Summarize disk usage of the set of FILEs, recursively for directories.
df	displays the amount of disk space available on the file system containing each file name argument. If no file name is given, the space available on all currently mounted file systems is shown. Disk space is shown in 1K blocks by default, unless the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, in which case 512-byte blocks are used.
fallocate	manipulate the allocated disk space for a file, either to deallocate or preallocate it. For filesystems which support the fallocate system call, preallocation is done quickly by allocating blocks and marking them as uninitialized, requiring no IO to the data blocks. This is much faster than creating a file by filling it with zeroes.
lsblk	lists information about all available or the specified block devices. The lsblk command reads the sysfs filesystem and udev db to gather information.
partx	Given a device or disk-image, partx tries to parse the partition table and list its contents. It can also tell the kernel to add or remove partitions from its bookkeeping. partx --show - /dev/sda3

ファイルシステム管理

コマンド	概要
findmnt	will list all mounted filesystems or search for a filesystem. The findmnt command is able to search in /etc/fstab, /etc/mtab or /proc/self/mountinfo. If device or mountpoint is not given, all filesystems are shown.
mount	All files accessible in a Unix system are arranged in one big tree, the file hierarchy, rooted at /. These files can be spread out over several devices. The mount command serves to attach the filesystem found on some device to the big file tree. Conversely, the umount(8) command will detach it again.
mountpoint	checks whether the given directory or file is mentioned in the /proc/self/mountinfo file.
ischroot	detects if it is currently running in a chroot. The exit status is: 0, 1, 2.

サービス管理

コマンド	概要
journalctl	Query the systemd journal. It used to query the contents of the systemd(1) journal as written by systemd-journald.service(8). If called without parameters, it will show the full contents of the journal, starting with the oldest entry collected.
localectl	Control the system locale and keyboard layout settings. used to query and change the system locale and keyboard layout settings. It communicates with systemd-localed(8) to modify files such as /etc/locale.conf and /etc/vconsole.conf.
loginctl	Control the systemd login manager. used to introspect and control the state of the systemd(1) login manager systemd-logind.service(8).
networkctl	Query the status of network links. It used to introspect the state of the network links as seen by systemd-networkd. Please refer to systemd-networkd.service(8) for an introduction to the basic concepts, functionality, and configuration syntax.

プロセス管理

コマンド	概要
chrt	sets or retrieves the real-time scheduling attributes of an existing pid, or runs command with the given attributes.
nstat rtacct	network statistics tools. These are simple tools to monitor kernel snmp counters and network interface statistics. nstat can filter kernel snmp counters by name with one or several specified wildcards. Wildcards are case-insensitive and can include special symbols ? and *
lnstat ctstat rtstat	unified linux network statistics. lnstat is a generalized and more feature-complete replacement for the old rtstat program. It is commonly used to periodically print a selection of statistical values exported by the kernel. In addition to routing cache statistics, it supports any kind of statistics the linux kernel exports via a file in /proc/net/stat/.
nice	run a program with modified scheduling priority. Run COMMAND with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling. With no COMMAND, print the current niceness. Niceness values range from -20 (most favorable to the process) to 19 (least favorable to the process).
ionice	set or get process I/O scheduling class and priority. If no class is specified, then command will be executed with the "best-effort" scheduling class. The default priority level is 4.
kill	send a signal to a process. The default signal for kill is TERM. Use -l or -L to list available signals.
lsof	list opened files. An open file may be a regular file, a directory, a block special file, a character special file, an executing text reference, a library, a stream or a network file (Internet socket, NFS file or UNIX domain socket.) A specific file or all the files in a file system may be selected by path.
nohup	run a command immune to hangups, with output to a non-tty. Run COMMAND, ignoring hangup signals.
nproc	Print the number of processing units available to the current process, which may be less than the number of online processors.
pgrep	looks through the currently running processes and lists the process IDs which match the selection criteria to stdout. All the criteria have to match.
pkill	will send the specified signal (by default SIGTERM) to each process instead of listing them on stdout.
pidwait	will wait for each process instead of listing them on stdout.
pidof	finds the process id's (PIDs) of the named programs. It prints those id's on the standard output.

パッケージ管理

コマンド	概要
apt	a high-level commandline interface for the package management system.
dpkg	普通はaptを使うが、個々のパッケージを細かくいじりたいときはdpkgを使う。package manager for Debian. dpkg is a tool to install, build, remove and manage Debian packages. The primary and more user-friendly front-end for dpkg is aptitude(8). dpkg itself is controlled entirely via command line parameters, which consist of exactly one action and zero or more options. The action-parameter tells dpkg what to do and options control the behavior of the action in some way.
debconf	run a debconf-using program. Debconf is a configuration system for Debian packages. For a debconf overview and documentation for sysadmins, see debconf(7) (in the debconf-doc package).
discover-config	reports stuff about the package's configuration.

ログ管理

コマンド	概要
logger	enter messages into the system log. It makes entries in the system log.

ユーザ管理

コマンド	概要
id	print real and effective user and group IDs.
pinky	lightweight finger. A lightweight 'finger' program; print user information. The utmp file will be /var/run/utmp.
chfn	command changes user fullname, office room number, office phone number, and home phone number information for a user's account. This information is typically printed by finger(1) and similar programs. A normal user may only change the fields for her own account, subject to the restrictions in /etc/login.defs.
chage	changes the number of days between password changes and the date of the last password change. This information is used by the system to determine when a user must change their password.
expiry	check and enforce password expiration policy. The expiry command checks (-c) the current password expiration and forces (-f) changes when required. It is callable as a normal user command.
faillog	displays the contents of the failure log database (/var/log/faillog). It can also set the failure counters and limits. When faillog is run without arguments, it only displays the faillog records of the users who had a login failure.
passwd	changes passwords for user accounts. A normal user may only change the password for their own account, while the superuser may change the password for any account. passwd also changes the account or associated password validity period.
gpasswd	used to administer /etc/group, and /etc/gshadow. Every group can have administrators, members and a password. System administrators can use the -A option to define group administrator(s) and the -M option to define members. They have all rights of group administrators and members.
groups	print the groups a user is in. Print group memberships for each USERNAME or, if no USERNAME is specified, for the current process.
last lastb	show a listing of last logged in users. It searches back through the /var/log/wtmp file (or the file designated by the -f option) and displays a list of all users logged in (and out) since that file was created. lastb is the same as last, except that by default it shows a log of the /var/log/btmp file, which contains all the bad login attempts.
lastlog	reports the most recent login of all users or of a given user. lastlog formats and prints the contents of the last login log /var/log/lastlog file. The login-name, port, and last login time will be printed. The default (no flags) causes lastlog entries to be printed, sorted by their order in /etc/passwd.
logname	Print the name of the current user.
lslogins	display information about known users in the system. Examine the wtmp and btmp logs, /etc/shadow (if necessary) and /etc/passwd and output the desired data.
newgrp	log in to a new group. It is used to change the current group ID during a login session. If the optional - flag is given, the user's environment will be reinitialized as though the user had logged in, otherwise the current environment, including current working directory, remains unchanged.

環境管理

コマンド	概要
chsh	changes the user login shell. This determines the name of the user's initial login command. A normal user may only change the login shell for her own account; the superuser may change the login shell for any account.
clear clear_console	clears your screen if this is possible, including its scrollback buffer (if the extended “E3” capability is defined). clear looks in the environment for the terminal type given by the environment variable TERM, and then in the terminfo database to determine how to clear the screen.
infocmp	can be used to compare a binary terminfo entry with other terminfo entries, rewrite a terminfo description to take advantage of the use= terminfo field, or print out a terminfo description from the binary file (term) in a variety of formats.
infotocap	looks in each given text file for terminfo descriptions. For each terminfo description found, an equivalent termcap description is written to standard output. Terminfo use capabilities are translated directly to termcap tc capabilities.
date	Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date.
dircolors	color setup for ls. Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable.
env	run a program in a modified environment. Set each NAME to VALUE in the environment and run COMMAND.
envsubst	Substitutes the values of environment variables.
locale	displays information about the current locale, or all locales, on standard output.
localedef	reads the indicated charmap and input files, compiles them to a binary form quickly usable by the locale functions in the C library (setlocale(3), localeconv(3), etc.), and places the output in outputpath.
mesg	display (or do not display) messages from other users. If write access is allowed, then programs such as talk(1) and write(1) may display messages on the terminal.

ジョブ管理

コマンド	概要
crontab	maintain crontab files for individual users. it used to install, deinstall or list the tables used to drive the cron(8) daemon in Vixie Cron. Each user can have their own crontab, and though these are files in /var/spool/cron/crontabs, they are not intended to be edited directly.

ファイル調査

コマンド	概要
ls	List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is specified.
[ test	check file types and compare values. An omitted EXPRESSION defaults to false. Otherwise, EXPRESSION is true or false and sets exit status.
diff	Compare FILES line by line.
diff3	Compare three files line by line.
cmp	Compare two files byte by byte.
comm	Compare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line.
dir	list directory contents. List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is specified.
dirname	Output each NAME with its last non-slash component and trailing slashes removed; 「dirname /usr/bin/」→ "/usr"
file	tests each argument in an attempt to classify it. There are three sets of tests, performed in this order: filesystem tests, magic tests, and language tests. The first test that succeeds causes the file type to be printed.
find	searches the directory tree rooted at each given starting-point by evaluating the given expression from left to right, according to the rules of precedence (see section OPERATORS), until the outcome is known (the left hand side is false for and operations, true for or), at which point find moves on to the next file name. If no starting-point is specified, `.' is assumed.
less pager	opposite of more. Less is a program similar to more (1), but it has many more features. Less does not have to read the entire input file before starting, so with large input files it starts up faster than text editors like vi (1).
lessfile lesspipe	"input preprocessor" for less. lessfile and lesspipe are programs that can be used to modify the way the contents of a file are displayed in less.
lesskey	used to specify a set of key bindings to be used by less. The input file is a text file which describes the key bindings. If the input file is "-", standard input is read.
more	file perusal filter for crt (cathode-ray tube, ブラウン管) viewing. is a filter for paging through text one screenful at a time. This version is especially primitive. Users should realize that less(1) provides more(1) emulation plus extensive enhancements.
namei	follow a pathname until a terminal point is found. This program is useful for finding "too many levels of symbolic links" problems.
pathchk	check whether file names are valid or portable. Diagnose invalid or unportable file names.

ファイル操作

コマンド	概要
mkdir	Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist.
mkfifo	make FIFOs (named pipes). 通常のパイプは無名で消えるがFIFOで名前付きのパイプが作れる。
mknod	Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE.
mktemp	Create a temporary file or directory, safely, and print its name.
mv	move (rename) files. Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.
xz	.gzや.bz2をしのぐ圧縮率が特徴。「tar.xz」という圧縮形式で最近よく利用される。Compress or decompress .xz and .lzma files. When writing scripts that need to decompress files, it is recommended to always use the name xz with appropriate arguments (xz -d or xz -dc) instead of the names unxz and xzcat.
gzip	compress or expand files. Gzip reduces the size of the named files using Lempel-Ziv coding (LZ77). Whenever possible, each file is replaced by one with the extension .gz, while keeping the same ownership modes, access and modification times. (The default extension is z for MSDOS, OS/2 FAT, Windows NT FAT and Atari.) If no files are specified, or if a file name is "-", the standard input is compressed to the standard output. Gzip will only attempt to compress regular files. In particular, it will ignore symbolic links.
gzexe	allows you to compress executables in place and have them automatically uncompress and execute when you run them.
bzip2	compresses files using the Burrows-Wheeler block sorting text compression algorithm, and Huffman coding. bzip2 expects a list of file names to accompany the command-line flags
bzexe	allows you to compress executables (実行ファイル) in place and have them automatically uncompress and execute when you run them. e.g. 'bzexe /bin/cat'.
cat	Concatenate FILE(s) to standard output.
chardet chardetect	Report heuristically-detected character encoding for each file.
encguess	guess character encodings of files.
iconv	convert text from one character encoding to another.ファイルなどのエンコーディング、いわゆる文字コードを変換。
chmod	change file mode bits. chmod changes the file mode bits of each given file according to mode, which can be either a symbolic representation of changes to make, or an octal number representing the bit pattern for the new mode bits.
chown	change file owner and group.
chattr	changes the file attributes on a Linux file system. The format of a symbolic mode is +-=[aAcCdDeFijmPsStTux].
lsattr	lists the file attributes on a second extended file system. See chattr(1) for a description of the attributes and what they mean.
chgrp	Change the group of each FILE to GROUP.「chgrp staff /u」 Change the group of /u to "staff".
cp	copy files and directories. Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.
cpio	copy files to and from archives. copies files between archives and directories. It supports the following archive formats: old binary cpio, old portable cpio, SVR4 cpio with and without checksum, HP cpio, and various tar formats.
csplit	Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files 'xx00', 'xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output.
cut	remove sections from each line of files. Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output.
dd	convert and copy a file (cc → dd). Copy a file, converting and formatting according to the operands.
flock	wrap the lock around the execution of a command, in a manner similar to su(1) or newgrp(1). They lock a specified file or directory, which is created (assuming appropriate permissions) if it does not already exist. By default, if the lock cannot be immediately acquired, flock waits until the lock is available.
link	call the link function to create a link to a file. Call the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1.
ln	make links between files. In the 1st form, create a link to TARGET with the name LINK_NAME. In the 2nd form, create a link to TARGET in the current directory, etc.
nl	number lines of files. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added.
od	dump files in octal and other formats. Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output.
paste	merge lines of files. Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output.

テキスト調査

コマンド	概要
ispell buildhash munchlist findaffix tryaffix icombine ijoin	will display each word which does not appear in the dictionary at the top of the screen and allow you to change it. Ispell is fashioned after the spell program from ITS (called ispell on Twenex systems.)
ispell-wrapper	smart wrapper for ispell. It is a wrapper script for ispell intended to be used in a Debian system in conjunction with the infrastructure introduced by the dictionaries-common package.
defmt-c defmt-sh	a sample ispell deformatter for C, C++, and shell sources. They allow ispell(1) to be used to check C and C++ programs as well as shell scripts.
grep	g/re/p: global regular expression print. Print lines that match patterns. grep searches for PATTERNS in each FILE. PATTERNS is one or more patterns separated by newline characters, and grep prints each line that matches a pattern. Typically PATTERNS should be quoted when grep is used in a shell command.
expr	evaluate expressions. e.g.) ARG1 | ARG2, ARG1 & ARG2, ARG1 <= ARG2, ARG1 != ARG2, ARG1 + ARG2, etc.
head	output the first part of files. Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
look	displays any lines in file which contain string. If file is not specified, the file /usr/share/dict/words is used.

テキスト操作

コマンド	概要
basename	strip directory and suffix from filenames. e.g) basename /usr/bin/sort -> "sort"
col	改行コードなどをフィルタするコマンド。manページをテキストファイルに出力する場合によく利用される。filters out reverse (and half-reverse) line feeds so the output is in the correct order, with only forward and half-forward line feeds. It also replaces any whitespace characters with tabs where possible. This can be useful in processing the output of nroff(1) and tbl(1).
colrm	removes selected columns from a file. Input is taken from standard input. Output is sent to standard output. If called with one parameter the columns of each line will be removed starting with the specified first column. If called with two parameters the columns from the first column to the last column will be removed. Column numbering starts with column 1.
expand	Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output.
hd hexdump	display file contents in hexadecimal, decimal, octal, or ascii.
join	For each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by blanks.

テキスト整形

コマンド	概要
column	ターミナルの出力やテキストを複数の列に整形する。formats its input into multiple columns.
groff	front-end for the groff document formatting system. The groff program and macro suite is the implementation of a roff(7) (run off the copy) system within the free software collection GNU. The groff system has all features of the classical roff, but adds many extensions.
fmt	simple optimal text formatter. Reformat each paragraph in the FILE(s), writing to standard output.
fold	wrap each input line to fit in specified width.
json_pp	JSON::PP command utility. JSONを整形表示してくれるソフトウェア。ローカルにあるJSONファイルをcatで表示すると分かりづらいが、JSON PPを使えば見やすくなる。
nmfmt	Convert numbers from/to human-readable strings. 1024 → 1.1K

計算

コマンド	概要
factor	factor numbers. 素因数分解する。factor 4301 -> 4301: 11 17 23

ユーティリティ

コマンド	概要
echo	display a line of text. Echo the STRING(s) to standard output.
false	do nothing, unsuccessfully. Exit with a status code indicating failure. NOTE: your shell may have its own version of false, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports.
getopt	used to break up (parse) options in command lines for easy parsing by shell procedures, and to check for valid options.
install	copies files (often just compiled) into destination locations you choose. If you want to download and install a ready-to-use package on a GNU/Linux system, you should instead be using a package manager like yum(1) or apt-get(1).
lessecho	expand metacharacters. lessecho is a program that simply echos its arguments on standard output. But any metacharacter in the output is preceded by an "escape" character, which by default is a backslash.

汎用アプリ

コマンド	概要
man	システムの説明書。an interface to the system reference manuals.
bash	GNU Bourne-Again SHell. Bash is an sh-compatible command language interpreter that executes commands read from the standard input or from a file. Bash also incorporates useful features from the Korn and C shells (ksh and csh).
vi/ex	Vi IMproved, a programmer's text editor. Vim is a text editor that is upwards compatible to Vi. It can be used to edit all kinds of plain text. It is especially useful for editing programs. "ex" stands for extended, because it was originally an extension of the simple line editor ed. Similarly, "vi" stands for visual, because vi is the "visual" (full-screen) editing mode, which was eventually added to ex.

ネットワーク管理

コマンド	概要
nc netcat nc.traditional	TCP/IP swiss army knife. It is a simple unix utility which reads and writes data across network connections, using TCP or UDP protocol. It is designed to be a reliable "back-end" tool that can be used directly or easily driven by other programs and scripts. At the same time, it is a feature-rich network debugging and exploration tool, since it can create almost any kind of connection you would need and has several interesting built-in capabilities.
dig	DNS lookup utility. dig is a flexible tool for interrogating DNS name servers. It performs DNS lookups and displays the answers that are returned from the name server(s) that were queried. Most DNS administrators use dig to troubleshoot DNS problems because of its flexibility, ease of use, and clarity of output. Other lookup tools tend to have less functionality than dig.
nslookup	query Internet name servers interactively. It is a program to query Internet domain name servers. nslookup has two modes: interactive and non-interactive.
nsupdate	dynamic DNS update utility. It used to submit Dynamic DNS Update requests, as defined in RFC 2136, to a name server. This allows resource records to be added or removed from a zone without manually editing the zone file.
host	DNS lookup utility. simple utility for performing DNS lookups. It is normally used to convert names to IP addresses and vice versa. When no arguments or options are given, host prints a short summary of its command-line arguments and options. name is the domain name that is to be looked up.
hostid	print the numeric identifier for the current host. Print the numeric identifier (in hexadecimal) for the current host.
hostname	show or set the system's host name.
hostnamectl	Control the system hostname. used to query and change the system hostname and related settings.
domainname	show or set the system's NIS/YP (Network Information Service/Yellow Page) domain name.
ypdomainname	show or set the system's NIS/YP domain name.
nisdomainname	show or set the system's NIS/YP domain name
dnsdomainname	show the system's DNS domain name.
dnstap-read	reads dnstap data from a specified file and prints it in a human-readable format. By default, dnstap data is printed in a short summary format, but if the -y option is specified, a longer and more detailed YAML (YAML Ain't a Markup Language.) format is used.
getent	displays entries from databases supported by the Name Service Switch libraries, which are configured in /etc/nsswitch.conf. If one or more key arguments are provided, then only the entries that match the supplied keys will be displayed.
ping[46]	send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network hosts. it uses the ICMP protocol's mandatory ECHO_REQUEST datagram to elicit an ICMP ECHO_RESPONSE from a host or gateway.

セキュリティ管理

コマンド	概要
openssl	OpenSSL command line tool. OpenSSL is a cryptography toolkit implementing the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL v2/v3) and Transport Layer Security (TLS v1) network protocols and related cryptography standards required by them. The openssl program is a command line tool for using the various cryptography functions of OpenSSL's crypto library from the shell. It can be used for...
chcon	Change the SELinux security context of each FILE to CONTEXT.
gpgv	OpenPGP (Pretty Good Privacy) signature verification tool. This program is actually a stripped-down version of gpg (GNU Privacy Guard) which is only able to check signatures. It is somewhat smaller than the fully-blown gpg and uses a different (and simpler) way to check that the public keys used to make the signature are valid.
cksum	Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE.
md5sum md5sum.textutils	日本のCRYPTRECでは、MD5を政府推奨暗号リストから外し、SHA-256 (SHA-2のバリエーション) 以上を推奨。Print or check MD5 (128-bit) checksums. compute and check MD5 message digest.

❌ 使わなそう

妖精さん

dbus-daemon	is the D-Bus message bus daemon. D-Bus is first a library that provides one-to-one communication between any two applications; dbus-daemon is an application that uses this library to implement a message bus daemon. Multiple programs connect to the message bus daemon and can exchange messages with one another.

ハードウェア関係

コマンド	概要
laptop-detect	attempts to determine whether it is being run on a laptop or a desktop and appraises its caller of this.
mt mt-gnu	control magnetic tape drive operation.

カーネル関係

コマンド	概要
lsb_release	provides certain LSB (Linux Standard Base) and distribution-specific information. If no options are given, the -v option is assumed.

デバイス関係

コマンド	概要
addpart	tells the Linux kernel about the existence of the specified partition. The command is a simple wrapper around the "add partition" ioctl. This command doesn't manipulate partitions on a block device.
delpart	asks the Linux kernel to forget about the specified partition (a number) on the specified device. The command is a simple wrapper around the "del partition" ioctl. This command doesn't manipulate partitions on a block device.

サービス関係

コマンド	概要
deb-systemd-invoke	is a Debian-specific helper script which asks /usr/sbin/policy-rc.d before performing a systemctl call. wrapper around systemctl, respecting policy-rc.d.
deb-systemd-helper	is a Debian-specific helper script which re-implements the enable, disable, is-enabled and reenable commands from systemctl. subset of systemctl for machines not running systemd.

プロセス関係

コマンド	概要
choom	display and adjust OOM-killer score. Linux kernel uses the badness heuristic to select which process gets killed in out of memory conditions.
ipcmk	allows you to create System V inter-process communication (IPC) objects: shared memory segments, message queues, and semaphore arrays.
ipcs	shows information on System V inter-process communication facilities. By default it shows information about all three resources: shared memory segments, message queues, and semaphore arrays.
ipcrm	removes System V inter-process communication (IPC) objects and associated data structures from the system.
lsipc	shows information on the System V inter-process communication facilities for which the calling process has read access.
lsns	lists information about all the currently accessible namespaces or about the given namespace. The namespace identifier is an inode number.
nsenter	executes program in the namespace(s) that are specified in the command-line options (described below).

環境関係

コマンド	概要
colcrt	provides virtual half-line and reverse line feed sequences for terminals without such capability, and on which overstriking is destructive.
captoinfo	convert a termcap description into a terminfo description. 「termcapとterminfo の基本概念」
login	begin session on the system. used to establish a new session with the system. It is normally invoked automatically by responding to the login: prompt on the user's terminal.

ファイル関係

コマンド	概要
dotlockfile	Utility to manage lockfiles. It is a command line utility to reliably create, test and remove lockfiles. It creates lockfiles reliably on local and NFS filesystems, because the crucial steps of testing for a preexisting lockfile and creating it are performed atomically by a single call to link(2). Manpage lock-file_create(3) describes the used algorithm.
lslocks	lists information about all the currently held file locks in a Linux system.

ネットワーク関係

コマンド	概要
delv	DNS lookup and validation utility. delv is a tool for sending DNS queries and validating the results, using the same internal resolver and validator logic as named.

プログラミング関係

コマンド	概要
awk	is an interpreter for the AWK Programming Language.
perl	The Perl 5 language interpreter. Perl officially stands for Practical Extraction and Report Language, except when it doesn't.
catchsegv	Used to debug segmentation faults in programs. The output is the content of registers, plus a backtrace.
debianbts	Debian BTS (Bug Tracking System).
gettext gettext.sh	translates a natural language message into the user's language, by looking up the translation in a message catalog. プログラムが出すメッセージの多言語化。
ngettext	translates a natural language message into the user's language, by looking up the translation in a message catalog, and chooses the appropriate plural form, which depends on the number COUNT and the language of the message catalog where the translation was found.
pdb3 pdb3.9	the Python debugger. See the chapter "The Python Debugger" in the Python Library Reference for more information on the use of pdb. When the debugger is started, help is available via the help command.

ユーティリティ関係

コマンド	概要
busybox	The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux. BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the utilities you usually find in GNU coreutils, util-linux, etc.
apropos	search the manual page names and descriptions. Each manual page has a short description available within it. apropos searches the descriptions for instances of keyword. keyword is usually a regular expression, as if (-r) was used, or may contain wildcards (-w), or match the exact keyword (-e). Using these options, it may be necessary to quote the keyword or escape (\) the special characters to stop the shell from interpreting them. The standard matching rules allow matches to be made against the page name and word boundaries in the description.
b2sum	compute and check BLAKE2 message digest. BLAKE2はMD5やSHAといったハッシュアルゴリズムの代替として利用できる。
base32	encode/decode data and print to standard output.
base64	encode/decode data and print to standard output.
basenc	Encode/decode data and print to standard output with options like --base64 and --base32 etc.
corelist	commandline frontend to Module::CoreList. CGIやアプリケーションの配布の時どのモジュールがどのバージョンから標準添付になったのかを明示するために入れておくのが Module::CoreList。
editor nano pico	Nano's ANOther editor, inspired by Pico. nano is a small and friendly editor. It copies the look and feel of Pico, but is free software, and implements several features that Pico lacks.
helpztags	generate the help tags file for directory.
instmodsh	A little interface to ExtUtils::Installed to examine locally* installed modules, validate your packlists and even create a tarball from an installed module.
ldd	print shared object dependencies. Linkage eDitor dependencies. ldd prints the shared objects (shared libraries) required by each program or shared object specified on the command line. An example of its use and output (using sed(1) to trim leading white space for readability in this page) is the following:

？？？

コマンド	概要
catman	create or update the pre-formatted manual pages. catman is used to create an up to date set of pre-formatted manual pages known as cat pages. Cat pages are generally much faster to display than the original manual pages, but require extra storage space. The decision to support cat pages is that of the local administrator, who must provide suitable directories to contain them.
run-mailcap view see edit compose print open	execute programs via entries in the mailcap file. it (or any of its aliases) will use the given action to process each mime-type/file in turn.
lcf	Determine which of the historical versions of a config is installed
mcookie	generates a 128-bit random hexadecimal number for use with the X authority system. Typical usage: xauth add :0 . `mcookie`.

未分類

pkill pl2pm pldd pmap pod2html pod2man pod2text pod2usage podchecker pr preconv print printenv printf prlimit prove ps ptar ptardiff ptargrep ptx pwd pwdx py3clean py3compile py3versions pydoc3 pydoc3.9 pygettext3 pygettext3.9 python3 python3.9 querybts rbash rcp rdma readlink realpath renice reportbug report-hw reset resizepart resolvectl rev rgrep rlogin rm rmdir rnano routef routel rsh rtstat runcon run-mailcap run-parts rview savelog scp script scriptlive scriptreplay sdiff sed see select-default-iwrap select-editor sensible-browser sensible-editor sensible-pager seq setarch setpci setpriv setsid setterm sftp sg sh sha1sum sha224sum sha256sum sha384sum

sha512sum shasum shred shuf skill slabtop sleep slogin snice soelim sort splain split ss ssh ssh-add ssh-agent ssh-argv0 ssh-copy-id ssh-keygen ssh-keyscan stat stdbuf streamzip stty su sum sync systemctl systemd systemd-analyze systemd-ask-password systemd-cat systemd-cgls systemd-cgtop systemd-delta systemd-detect-virt systemd-escape systemd-hwdb systemd-id128 systemd-inhibit systemd-machine-id-setup systemd-mount systemd-notify

systemd-path systemd-resolve systemd-run systemd-socket-activate systemd-stdio-bridge systemd-sysusers systemd-tmpfiles systemd-tty-ask-password-agent systemd-umount tabs tac tail tar tasksel taskset tbl tee telnet telnet.netkit tempfile test tic timedatectl timeout tload toe top touch tput tr traceproto traceproto.db traceroute traceroute6 traceroute6.db traceroute.db traceroute-nanog troff true truncate tryaffix tset tsort tty tzselect ucf ucfq ucfr udevadm ul umount uname uncompress unexpand uniq unlink unlzma unmkinitramfs unshare unxz

update-alternatives update-mime-database uptime usb-devices usbhid-dump usbreset users utmpdump vdir vi view vim.tiny vmstat w wall watch wc wdctl wget whatis whereis which whiptail who whoami write write.ul x86_64 xargs xauth xdg-user-dir xdg-user-dirs-update xsubpp xxd xz xzcat xzcmp xzdiff xzegrep xzfgrep xzgrep xzless xzmore yes ypdomainname zcat zcmp zdiff zdump zegrep zfgrep zforce zgrep zipdetails zless zmore znew