FHSのソースを表示

ファイルシステム階層標準（Filesystem Hierarchy Standard）。一般的にLinuxシステムは以下のようなディレクトリ構造を指針としている。下記はDebian11の「$man hier」の内容でDebian11にあるものだけ。実際の構造はめっちゃ色々ある。

{| class="wikitable" summary="オプション"
!ディレクトリ
!説明
|-
|/
|This is the root directory.  This is where the <u>whole tree starts</u>.
|-
|/root
|This directory is usually the <u>home directory for the root</u> user (optional).
|-
|/home
|On machines with home directories for users, these are usually beneath this directory, directly or not.  The structure of this directory depends on local administration decisions (optional).
|-
|/bin<br>-> usr/bin
|This directory contains executable programs which are needed in <u>single user mode and to bring the system up or repair it</u>. This is the <u>primary directory for executable programs</u>.  Most programs <u>executed by normal users</u> which are not needed for booting or  for  repairing  the system and which are not installed locally should be placed in this directory.
|-
|/sbin<br>-> usr/sbin
|<u>Like /bin</u>, this directory holds <u>commands needed to boot the system</u>, but which are usually not executed by normal users. This  directory  contains program <u>binaries for system administration which are not essential for the boot process, for mounting /usr, or for system repair</u>.
|-
|/boot
|Contains  static  files for the boot loader.  This directory holds <u>only the files which are needed during the boot process</u>.  The map installer and configuration files should go to /sbin and /etc.  The operating system kernel (initrd for example) must be located in either / or /boot.
|-
|/dev
|Special or device files, which refer to <u>physical devices</u>.  See mknod(1).
|-
|/proc
|This  is a <u>mount point for the proc filesystem, which provides information about running processes and the kernel</u>.  This pseudo-filesystem is described in more detail in proc(5).
|-
|/sys
|This  is a mount point for the sysfs filesystem, which <u>provides information about the kernel like /proc, but better structured</u>, following the formalism of kobject infrastructure.
|-
|/run
|This directory contains <u>information which describes the system since it was booted</u>.  Once this purpose was served by /var/run and programs may continue to use it.
|-
|/lib
|This directory should hold those <u>shared libraries that are necessary to boot the system and to run the commands in the root filesystem</u>.
|-
|/lib<qual>
|These directories are variants of /lib on system which support more than one binary format requiring separate libraries (optional).
|-
|/lib/modules
| Loadable kernel modules (optional).
|-
|/tmp
|This directory contains temporary files which <u>may be deleted with no notice, such as by a regular job</u> or at system boot up.
|}

===空===
{| class="wikitable" summary="オプション"
!ディレクトリ
!説明
|-
|/lost+found
|This  directory  contains  items lost in the filesystem.  These items are usually <u>chunks of files mangled as a consequence of a faulty disk or a system crash</u>.
|-
|/mnt
|This directory is a mount point for a temporarily mounted filesystem.  In some distributions, /mnt contains subdirectories intended to be used as mount points for several temporary filesystems.
|-
|/media
|This directory contains mount points <u>for removable media such as CD and DVD disks or USB sticks</u>.  On systems where more  than  one  device  exists  for mounting a certain type of media, mount directories can be created by appending a digit to the name of those available above starting with '0', but the unqualified name must also exist.
|-
|/opt
|This directory should contain <u>add-on packages</u> that contain static files.
|-
|/srv
|This directory contains site-specific data that is served by this system.
|}

==/etc==
{| class="wikitable" summary="オプション"
!ディレクトリ
!説明
|-
|/etc
|Contains <u>configuration files which are local to the machine</u>.  Some larger software packages, like X11, can have their own  subdirectories  below  /etc.Site-wide  configuration  files  may be placed here or in /usr/etc.  Nevertheless, programs should always look for these files in /etc and you may have links for these files to /usr/etc.
|-
|/etc/opt
|Host-specific <u>configuration files for add-on applications installed in /opt</u>.
|-
|/etc/skel
|When a <u>new user account is created</u>, files from this directory are usually copied into the user's home directory.
|}

==/usr==
{| class="wikitable" summary="オプション"
!ディレクトリ
!説明
|-
|/usr
|This directory is <u>usually mounted from a separate partition</u>.  It should <u>hold only shareable, read-only data</u>, so that it can be mounted by  various  machines running Linux.
|-
|/usr/etc
|<u>Site-wide  configuration  files to be shared between several machines</u> may be stored in this directory.  However, commands should always reference those  files using the /etc directory.  Links from files in /etc should point to the appropriate files in /usr/etc.
|-
|/usr/src
|<u>Source files for different parts of the system, included with some packages for reference purposes</u>.  Don't work here with your own projects,  as  files below /usr should be read-only except when installing software (optional).
|}

===/usr/include===
{| class="wikitable" summary="オプション"
!ディレクトリ
!説明
|-
|/usr/include
|Include files for <u>the C compiler</u>.
|-
|/usr/include/bsd
|BSD compatibility include files (optional).
|-
|/usr/include/X11
|Include files for the C compiler and the X-Window system.  This is usually a symbolic link to /usr/X11R6/include/X11.
|-
|/usr/include/asm
|Include files which <u>declare some assembler functions</u>.  This used to be a symbolic link to /usr/src/linux/include/asm.
|-
|/usr/include/linux
|This contains <u>information which may change from system release to system release</u> and used to be a symbolic link to /usr/src/linux/include/linux to  get  at operating-system-specific information.  ('''Note  that'''  one  should have include files there that work correctly with the current libc and in user space.  However, <u>Linux kernel source is not designed to be used with user programs and does not know anything about the libc you are using</u>.  It is very likely that things  will  break  if  you  let  /usr/include/asm  and /usr/include/linux point at a random kernel tree.  Debian systems don't do this and use headers from a known good kernel version, provided in the libc*-dev package.)
|-
|/usr/include/g++
|Include files to use with the GNU C++ compiler.
|}

===/usr/lib===
{| class="wikitable" summary="オプション"
!ディレクトリ
!説明
|-
|/usr/lib
|Object libraries, including dynamic libraries, plus some executables which usually are not invoked directly. More complicated programs may have whole subdirectories there.
|-
|/usr/libexec
|Directory contains <u>binaries for internal use only</u> and they are not meant to be executed directly by users shell or scripts.
|-
|/usr/lib<qual>
|These  directories  are variants of /usr/lib on system which support more than one binary format requiring separate libraries, except that the symbolic link /usr/lib<qual>/X11 is not required (optional).
|-
|/usr/lib/X11
|The usual place for data files associated with X programs, and configuration files for the X system itself.  On Linux, it usually is a symbolic link to /usr/X11R6/lib/X11.
|-
|/usr/lib/gcc-lib
|contains executables and include files for the GNU C compiler, gcc(1).
|-
|/usr/lib/groff
|Files for the GNU groff document formatting system.
|-
|/usr/lib/uucp
|Files for uucp(1).
|}

===/usr/local===
{| class="wikitable" summary="オプション"
!ディレクトリ
!説明
|-
|/usr/local
|This is where programs which are local to the site typically go.
|-
|/usr/local/bin
|Binaries for programs local to the site.
|-
|/usr/local/doc
|Local documentation.
|-
|/usr/local/etc
|Configuration files associated with locally installed programs.
|-
|/usr/local/games
|Binaries for locally installed games.
|-
|/usr/local/lib
|Files associated with locally installed programs.
|-
|/usr/local/lib<qual>
|These directories are variants of /usr/local/lib on system which support more than one binary format requiring separate libraries (optional).
|-
|/usr/local/include
|Header files for the local C compiler.
|-
|/usr/local/info
|Info pages associated with locally installed programs.
|-
|/usr/local/man
|Man pages associated with locally installed programs.
|-
|/usr/local/sbin
|Locally installed programs for system administration.
|-
|/usr/local/share
|Local application data that can be shared among different architectures of the same OS.
|-
|/usr/local/src
|Source code for locally installed software.
|}

===/usr/share===
{| class="wikitable" summary="オプション"
!ディレクトリ
!説明
|-
|/usr/share
|This directory contains subdirectories with <u>specific application data, that can be shared</u> among different architectures of the same  OS. Often one finds stuff here that used to live in /usr/doc or /usr/lib or /usr/man.
|-
|/usr/share/color
|Contains color management information, like International Color Consortium (ICC) Color profiles (optional).
|-
|/usr/share/dict
|Contains the word lists used by spell checkers (optional).
|-
|/user/share/dict/words
|List of English words (optional).
|-
|/usr/share/doc
|Documentation about installed programs (optional).
|-
|/usr/share/games
|Static data files for games in /usr/games (optional).
|-
|/user/share/info
|Info pages go here (optional).
|-
|/usr/share/local
|Locale information goes here (optional).
|-
|/usr/share/man
|Manual pages go here in subdirectories according to the man page sections.
|-
|/user/share/misc
|Miscellaneous data that can be shared among different architectures of the same OS.
|-
|/usr/share/nls
|The message catalogs for native language support go here (optional).
|-
|/usr/share/ppd
|Postscript Printer Definition (PPD) files (optional).
|-
|/usr/share/sgml
|Files for SGML (optional).
|-
|/usr/share/sgml/docbook
|DocBook DTD (optional).
|-
|/usr/share/sgml/tei
|TEI DTD (optional).
|-
|/usr/share/sgml/html
|HTML DTD (optional).
|-
|/usr/share/sgml/mathml
|MathML DTD (optional).
|-
|/usr/share/terminfo
|The database for terminfo (optional).
|-
|/usr/share/tmac
|Troff macros that are not distributed with groff (optional).
|-
|/usr/sahre/xml
|Files for XML (optional).
|-
|/usr/share/xml/docbook
|DocBook DTD (optional).
|-
|/usr/share/xml/xhtml
|XHTML DTD (optional).
|-
|/usr/share/xml/mathml
|MathML DTD (optional).
|-
|/usr/sahre/zoneinfo
|Files for timezone information (optional).
|}

==/var==
{| class="wikitable" summary="オプション"
!ディレクトリ
!説明
|-
|/var
|This directory contains files which may change in size, such as spool and log files.
|-
|/var/account
|Process accounting logs (optional).
|-
|/var/backups
|Reserved for historical reasons.
|-
|/var/cache
|Data cached for programs.
|-
|/var/cache/fonts
|Locally generated fonts (optional).
|-
|/var/cache/man
|Locally formatted man pages (optional).
|-
|/var/cache/www
|WWW proxy or cache data (optional).
|-
|/var/cache/<package>
|Package specific cache data (optional).
|-
|/var/catman/cat[1-9]<br>/var/cache/man/cat[1-9]
|These directories contain preformatted manual pages according to their man page section.
|-
|/var/crash
|System crash dumps (optional).
|-
|/var/cron
|Reserved for historical reasons.
|-
|/var/games
|Variable game data (optional).
|-
|/var/local
|Variable data for /usr/local.
|-
|/var/lock
|Lock files are placed in this directory.  The naming convention for device lock files is LCK..<device> where <device>  is  the  device's  name  in  the filesystem. The format used is that of HDU UUCP lock files, that is, lock files contain a PID as a 10-byte ASCII decimal number, followed by a newline character.
|-
|/var/log
|Miscellaneous log files.
|-
|/var/opt
|Variable data for /opt.
|-
|/var/mail
|Users' mailboxes.  Replaces /var/spool/mail.
|-
|/var/msgs<br>/var/preserve
|Reserved for historical reasons.
|-
|/var/run
|Run-time variable files, like files holding process identifiers (PIDs) and logged user information (utmp).  Files in this directory are <u>usually cleared when the system boots</u>.
|-
|/var/tmp
|Like /tmp, this directory holds temporary files stored for an unspecified duration.
|-
|/var/yp
|Database files for NIS, formerly known as the Sun Yellow Pages (YP).
|}

===/var/spool===
{| class="wikitable" summary="オプション"
!ディレクトリ
!説明
|-
|/var/spool
|Spooled (or queued) files for various programs.
|-
|/var/spool/at
|Spooled jobs for at(1).
|-
|/var/spool/cron
|Spooled jobs for cron(8).
|-
|/var/spool/lpd
|Spooled files for printing (optional).
|-
|/var/spool/lpd/printer
|Spools for a specific printer (optional).
|-
|/var/spool/mail
|Replaced by /var/mail.
|-
|/var/spool/mqueue
|Queued outgoing mail (optional).
|-
|/var/spool/news
|Spool directory for news (optional).
|-
|/var/spool/rwho
|Spooled files for rwhod(8) (optional).
|-
|/var/spool/smail
|Spooled files for the smail(1) mail delivery program.
|-
|/var/spool/uucp
|Spooled files for uucp(1) (optional).
|}

===/var/lib===
{| class="wikitable" summary="オプション"
!ディレクトリ
!説明
|-
|/var/lib
|Variable state information for programs.
|-
|/var/lib/color
|Variable files containing color management information (optional).
|-
|/var/lib/hwclock
|State directory for hwclock (optional).
|-
|/var/lib/misc
|Miscellaneous state data.
|-
|/var/lib/xdm
|X display manager variable data (optional).
|-
|/var/lib/<editor>
|Editor backup files and state (optional).
|-
|/var/lib/<name>
|These directories must be used for all distribution packaging support.
|-
|/var/lib/<package>
|State data for packages and subsystems (optional).
|-
|/var/lib/<pkgtool>
|Packaging support files (optional).
|}